Animal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health - 1433 Words

Ferdowsian and Beck go on to add that more evidence supports that animal testing comes at a higher cost to animals than was initially acknowledged. Accounts of anxiety disorders, changes in behavior, hormone levels, and the amount of pain animals endure now drive the conversation regarding reforming animal testing practices. It is also noted that the predictive value of animal models do not translate into clinical success. The majority of animal research does not lead to improving human health. Most argue the use of animals overall is a needless endeavor when new technologies are in place that can provide similar levels of advancement, and when human tissue is available that can offer a better understand of human health. Ferdowsian and Beck, express that a reformation needs to take place in animal testing, and the conversation needs to be driven by ethics of using animals in research. Growing evidence supports that some models or animal use is antiquated and with developing technologies new pathways should be explored to improve human health. Article 4: Duty and the Beast: animal experimentation and neglected interests, D Benatar. (2000) In this article, Benatar brings to the forefront the argument that experimentation on animals should be a great concern because of the suffering and loss of life in spite of the regulations and restrictions that are supposed to guide the practice. Benatar goes as far to claim that animal testing is uncharitable, and does not supportShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1146 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of animals suffer and die unnecessarily each year as they become subjects for medical testing and other horrendous experiments. Although some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. For decades, drug and chemical safety assessments have been based on laboratory experimentations involving rabbits, dogs, rodents, and other animals. Consequently, nine out of ten drugs proven safeRead MoreEssay on The Use of Animal Research 1431 Words   |  6 PagesHow will animal research tell us the outcomes of the human body? How can we live longer and healthier lives with the use of animals? Do animals have a link to the human body that we are able to prove that trying new drugs or new cosmetics will be a benefit for us? I disagree. I believe we test on animals to figure out what are the possible outcomes for humans; however, the use of animals is cruel and unnecessary because they do not have a similar body system as humans do. We use at least a millionsRead Moreanimal testing essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Animal testing can be defined as the process of using animals in experiments. Normally the research such as biomedical researches, drug tests and toxicology tests are conducted in universities, medical schools, and pharmaceutical companies. Scientists use many types of animals in their experiments such as guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, monkeys, chimpanzees, rats, mice, dogs and cats. Around 50-100 millions vertebrates are used in experiments annually and in United States, the number of rats andRead MoreHuman Testing On Human Beings1727 Words   |  7 Pageschemicals effect humans and animals? The answer is, we must perform test on something that is similar to the human species. Animals having similar traits and features in the body have often been the experimentation method of choice. By using animals in testing has raised a lot of concern and controversy over the years, but so has testing on human beings. One of the most horrifying examples of human testing was during World War II, the Nazi party in its quest to create the ultimate human species,Read MoreA nimal Testing Is Not Reliable For Finding Cures For Humans1486 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies demonstrate that animal testing is not reliable in finding cures for humans. Medicines and vaccines that are successfully developed and proven effective in animals such as mice and many primates fail when used in human beings. Medicines and chemicals that are effective in animals end up being relabeled after they produce side effects in human beings that were not observed in animals during the testing. Many of them also become dangerous to human beings. Therefore, animal tests yield little successRead MoreThe Fight Against Animal Testing1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight Against Animal Testing in Cosmetics The makeup industry has flourished for as long as one can remember. The popularity of beauty bloggers, celebrity makeup lines, etc. have actually led to a record-breaking boost in makeup sales. Cosmetic brands have become more prominent, and makeup stores such as Sephora and Ulta continue to thrive. However, various demands must be met in order to keep up with the growing consumership, and one of the most controversial topics contributing to the successRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Cruel And Inhumane1229 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of complications among human beings citing the various changes of conditions from day to day. Scientists are charged with the techniques to finding solutions to the complicated health issues facing humans that have no solution. The risks associated with the pursuit of the solution has made the scientists to be cautious of their actions, an action that led to most of them opting for the use of animals to carry out the tests before implementing the solution fo r human beings. The idea has alwaysRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Medical Field Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal experimentation has notably advanced the medical field since its beginnings nearly two thousand years ago. Modern surgeries, antibiotics, and vaccines have been discovered and put into effect to better the lives of humans worldwide and increase our life expectancy by thirty years. However, animal rights activists argue that tests are not accurate or reliable due to angularities. Morality continues to toy with the minds of the public. Religious organizations, like the Catholic Church, approveRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Testing Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Animal Testing Animal testing is by far, inhumane and downright unacceptable. Although, there are various types of organizations that are pro-animal care, such as, Animal Welfare information center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or, PETA, all in which do their best to keep animal testing as humane as possible, there are alternatives for finding cures or testing the safety of certainRead MoreAnimal Experimentation1612 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. On July 27th official statistics showed that, for the first time, the use of genetically-modified animals has outstripped that of conventional creatures and hardly anyone flinched knowing that† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). Imagine the world without the essential vaccines that are used to promote healthy humans, but th at is the world without animal experimentations

The Position Of A Hr Manager At Both The Uk And Russian...

Introduction: Throughout this assignment I will be placing myself in the position of a HR manager at both the UK and Russian Olympics and I will discuss possible issues that LGBT Olympians may face in such contexts. I will identify key challenges that I may face when introducing and implementing equality and diversity measures if the Olympic Games were to happen again today. I will approach such a task by first outlining the history and definitions associated with LGBT. I will frame this essay by drawing upon social and political changes through the enactment of laws and social movements, as well as empirical research, class-based discussions, and theories of equality and diversity. Brief history of the definition of LGBT: The acronym†¦show more content†¦Currently there are 76 countries where homosexuality is illegal and in 5 it carries the death penalty (Wical, 2014; Stonewall, 2015b). As the UK government and Stonewall (2015b) estimates that there are 3.6 million LGB people in Britain, which is thought to be an underestimate and does not include transgender people, it is not difficult to imagine the hundreds of millions of people living in fear of prejudice, oppression and death worldwide. A brief history of LGBT movements and attitudes, and current social and political movements in both countries: In 1987, the British Social Attitudes Survey found that 75% of the population held homosexual activity to be â€Å"always or mostly wrong†, with just 11% believing it to be never wrong (1987: 4). As of 2012, those figures showed that attitudes had altered to 28% and 47% respectively (2012: 5). As of 2015 Stonewall expanded its current campaigns and programmes to â€Å"include and involve† trans people and also â€Å"developed new work on issues that specifically affect them† (Stonewall, 2015c). LGBT citizens have most of the same legal rights as non-LGBT citizens and the UK provides â€Å"one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its LGBT communities†. This was documented in the ILGA-Europe (2014) review of LGBT rights which gave the UK with the highest score in Europe; they

Qualitative Methods in Business Research Methods

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Methods in Business Research Methods. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the following paper is to outline a proper research methodology for the provided case study. At the same time, the paper would point out the feasibility and probable contribution on the current situation of corporate governance and ethical behaviour of the considered research. Considering the given case study, this says that Mr. Jones is pursuing a research on the ethical cultures of the boards in time of confronting with the issues of customer bribery in any of the Celtic nations like Wales or Scotland or Ireland. It is understandable that the possible research question, the answer of which is anticipated to be achieved through the concerned study is related to Mr. Joness belief that companies with Celtic background holds more ethical responsibilities than those belonging to the English background. Therefore, a proper set of research questions for the concerned research project should be the following key variables, which are Celtic and ethical. With the help of the above designed research questions, the concerned researcher will be able to establish whether the companies of Celtic backgrounds have more ethical concerns than those of English background or not. However, for the considered project purpose, a convenient research design would be experimental and quasi experimental research design. The reason behind selecting the above mentioned style is because of the researchers concept that indicates that business companies from the Celtic background have better ethical perspectives. Therefore, understandably according to the researchers conceptualization, the variable of business ethics is manipulated or determined by the other variable Celtic. In the experimental and quasi experimental research design, a research project attempts to examine the effects of one variable upon one or more variables (Bryman and Bell 2015). Nevertheless, it is required to mention here that among experiment and quasi experiment research design, the quasi experimental research design should be selected as per the reason; the researcher has not chosen the independent variables randomly (Hair 2015). In the quasi experimental style, research projects become selectiv e and particular regarding the research variables (Mackey and Gass 2015). Most significantly, in order to accomplish the research design, the research project would have to procure casual hypothesis as the quasi experiment research design mainly tests the casual research hypothesis (Panneerselvam 2014). The advised research design would be better than the research design approached by Jones due to the reason that with the help of the mentioned design, the research project would successfully identify as well as establish comparison groups, which would have proper validity. On the other hand, the research design would efficiently accompany the motivation of the researcher behind doing the particular research. It has been identified from the given case study that the researcher Mr. Jones has found out that no research on ethical cultures of companies when confronted with bribery issues has been taken place in the Celtic territories like Wales or Scotland. Most significantly, the given case study says that the researcher has acquired valid and significant responses from more than half of the selected companies. It is indicative of the truth that the researcher is getting impressive responses for the project. Therefore, it is understandable that the actual motivation of the author or the researcher regarding the project is the positive result that the person has already acquired from near about 23 respondent organizations. Additionally, it can be also said that the author or researcher of the concerned project is encouraged after knowing the fact that his project would be probably the first evident of a research that identifies ethical behaviours of Celtic business organization in time of confronting issues of bribery. The case study has initially indicated that there are no such clear evidences of experimental researches on the distinct topic in the Celtic nations. Therefore, the motivation is justified. In the context, it is essential to mention that the chosen variables Celtic and ethical decisions do require having valid as well as reliable measures. In order to achieve a valid and reliable measurement, it would be necessary to utilize the ratio level (Saunders and Lewis 2014). With the help of the ratio level, the project would simply make categorization of the collected responses. At the same time, the particular measurement procedure would be helpful in allowing a comparison with a proper extent to which the differentiated subjects hold the dependant variable. Most significantly, with the help of ratio level of measurement, it would be easy to acquire a numerical data regarding the comparison, which would enlighten the present premise of research (Wilson 2014). The procedure for measurement will be reliable as the particular way of measuring the variables, give an appropriate measurement of chosen variable through numeric data, which seldom proves inefficient. On the other han d, a casual yet elaborative categorization would be also achieved. Therefore, following the selected measurement procedure for the variables, the convenient research philosophy and research approach would be positivism and deductive approach respectively (Zikmund et al. 2013). In terms of research method or the process of collecting data, along with the survey or quantitative technique of primary research, the qualitative technique or interview method would be also required in order to get through information. The interview process will be significant to pursue in depth and critical evaluation of the essential and recognized factors related to the particular variables (Blumberg et al. 2014). Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques would be helpful. In this respect it is essential to mention that the accomplishment of the considered research project would be a significant piece of contribution for determining the role of race and cultural aspects on the corporate governance and ethical responsibilities. It is a true fact that no significant research paper is there, which has investigated the ethical responsibilities taken for addressing customer bribery by the Celtic companies with board of directors (Liang et al. 2014). Therefore, the contribution of the considered approach will prove helpful for the customers of the Celtic nations. With the help of the proposed research, the people of two nations will come to know about which business organizations are ethically right for them. At the same time, the project would help the international business organizations who are or will be interested in making business with the business organizations of the Celtic territories (Liang et al. 2014). Moreover, it is required to mention here that for the academic individuals like Mr. Jones, who are interested about the field of corporate governance and business ethics, would find the considered research project very helpful. They could acquire significant data regarding corporate ethical responsibilities of both the business organizations of Celtic region and England. Most significantly, for the author or researcher, the achievement of the research project would not only help internal and domestic business sector or the customers, but also would help him to obtain a cohesive as well as coherent answer regarding his concept. Nevertheless, in terms of recommending improvements, it needs to say that the project should acquire both qualitative and quantitative data from both companies from Celtic and English background. The research would turn out to be completely vague and inacceptable if no data would be collected from organizations of English background. References Blumberg, B.F., Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S., 2014.Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Liang, H., Marquis, C., Renneboog, L. and Sun, S.L., 2014. Speaking of corporate social responsibility. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P., 2014.Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Your Bones In Space Essays - Space Medicine, Skeletal System

Your Bones in Space Hypogravitational Osteoporosis: A review of literature. By Lambert Titus Parker. May 19 1987. (GEnie Spaceport) Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by an absolute decrease in the amount of bone present to a level below which it is capable of maintaining the structural integrity of the skeleton. To state the obvious, Human beings have evolved under Earth's gravity "1G". Our musculoskeleton system have developed to help us navigate in this gravitational field, endowed with ability to adapt as needed under various stress, strains and available energy requirement. The system consists of Bone a highly specialized and dynamic supporting tissue which provides the vertebrates its rigid infrastructure. It consists of specialized connective tissue cells called osteocytes and a matrix consisting of organic fibers held together by an organic cement which gives bone its tenacity, elasticity and its resilience. It also has an inorganic component located in the cement between the fibers consist ing of calcium phosphate [85%]; Calcium carbonate [10%] ; others [5%] which give it the hardness and rigidity. Other than providing the rigid infrastructure, it protects vital organs like the brain], serves as a complex lever system, acts as a storage area for calcium which is vital for human metabolism, houses the bone marrow within its mid cavity and to top it all it is capable of changing its architecture and mass in response to outside and inner stress. It is this dynamic remodeling of bone which is of primary interest in microgravity. To feel the impact of this dynamicity it should be noted that a bone remodeling unit [a coupled phenomena of bone reabsorption and bone formation] is initiated and another finished about every ten seconds in a healthy adult. This dynamic system responds to mechanical stress or lack of it by increasing the bone mass/density or decreasing it as per the demand on the system. -eg; a person dealing with increased mechanical stress will respond with inc reased mass / density of the bone and a person who leads a sedentary life will have decreased mass/density of bone but the right amount to support his structure against the mechanical stresses she/she exists in. Hormones also play a major role as seen in postmenopausal females osteoporosis (lack of estrogens) in which the rate of bone reformation is usually normal with the rate of bone re-absorption increased. In Skeletal system whose mass represent a dynamic homeostasis in 1g weight- bearing,when placed in microgravity for any extended period of time requiring practically no weight bearing, the regulatory system of bone/calcium reacts by decreasing its mass. After all, why carry all that extra mass and use all that energy to maintain what is not needed? Logically the greatest loss -demineralization- occurs in the weight bearing bones of the leg [Os Calcis] and spine. Bone loss has been estimated by calcium-balance studies and excretion studies. An increased urinary excretion of cal cium , hydroxyproline Rapid increase of urinary calcium has been noted after takeoff with a plateau reached by day 30. In contrast, there was a steady increase off mean fecal calcium throughout the stay in microgravity and was not reduced until day 20 of return to 1 G while urinary calcium content usually returned to preflight level by day 10 of return to 1G. There is also significant evidence derived primarily from rodent studies that seem to suggest decreased bone formation as a factor in hypogravitational osteoporosis. Boy Frame,M.D a member of NASA's LifeScience Advisory Committee [LSAC] postulated that "the initial pathologic event after the astronauts enter zero gravity occurs in the bone itself, and that changes in mineral homeostasis and the calcitropic hormones are secondary to this. It appears that zero gravity in some ways stimulate bone re-absorption, possibly through altered bioelectrical fields or altered distribution of tension and pressure on bone cells themselves. It is possible that gravitational and muscular strains on the skeletal system cause friction between bone crystals which creates bioelectrical fields. This bioelectrical effect in some way may stimulate bone cells and affect bone remodeling." In the early missions, X-ray densitometry was used to measure the weight-bearing bones pre &