Melville’s Tools of Bob le flambeur Essay -- Herman Melville French Fi

Melville’s Tools of Bob le flambeur Removing the sound from Melville’s Bob le flambeur might lead one to believe that he or she is watching a Hollywood film noir, circa 1950. Melville, though not professionally trained as a director, manages to create an oddly stirring and quirky French film shrouded in the sheer curtain of Hollywood film noir. Though he retains much of the Hollywood style, he also employs tools of his own—camera movement and voice-over—to embrace the film in Melville-vigilante-style. Melville uses the trademarked tools of the noir film. For example, high key lighting and, therefore, deep shadows play a key determinant in one of the first scenes of Bob le flambeur. After establishing the setting through the reflection on a darkened window pane, the camera pans left to reveal five or six men standing around a table, lit only by the hanging lamp at least one foot below each of their chins. This leaves the men’s faces encompassed by darkness, forcing the audience to watch their hands and the gambling that is taking place. While all these factors—high key lighting, flooding shadows, tall, looming men, gambling, and near silence—all lend to the typical noir style, Melville uses odd camera movements to remain distinct. Within the same scene, there is a shot of Bob rolling dice; the camera swoops upward, as though coming from underneath the table, and ends up in a high angle shot, shooting downward at the dice. Now, combine that sweeping movem ent with the next cut, and Melville’s distinction appears. After the dice have been rolled, there is a three-quarter shot of Bob, who claps his hands once and walks off screen left. Suddenly, the camera lurches forward, as if to catch a glimpse of something that li... ...lationship can be seen in Hawks’ 1944 film To Have and Have Not; Humphrey Bogart plays stern and experienced Harry Morgan, a man involved with Lauren Bacall’s character, Slim, a husky-voiced, wise young woman who butts heads with men. While the characters are written in the same essence, the acting in these cases also seems similar; Roger Duchesne and Humphrey Bogart both are older, stoic and serious where Isabel Corey and Lauren Bacall both are beautiful, young, quick-witted and seemingly independent. Melville’s attempt to Americanize himself proved successful—his name he changed in honor of American novelist Herman Melville and he often wore a cowboy hat. Though Bob le flambeur is very much a tribute to Hollywood film noir, Melville manages to make it his own through quirky camera shots, over-the-top narration, and the set of beautifully grimy Paris streets. Melville’s Tools of Bob le flambeur Essay -- Herman Melville French Fi Melville’s Tools of Bob le flambeur Removing the sound from Melville’s Bob le flambeur might lead one to believe that he or she is watching a Hollywood film noir, circa 1950. Melville, though not professionally trained as a director, manages to create an oddly stirring and quirky French film shrouded in the sheer curtain of Hollywood film noir. Though he retains much of the Hollywood style, he also employs tools of his own—camera movement and voice-over—to embrace the film in Melville-vigilante-style. Melville uses the trademarked tools of the noir film. For example, high key lighting and, therefore, deep shadows play a key determinant in one of the first scenes of Bob le flambeur. After establishing the setting through the reflection on a darkened window pane, the camera pans left to reveal five or six men standing around a table, lit only by the hanging lamp at least one foot below each of their chins. This leaves the men’s faces encompassed by darkness, forcing the audience to watch their hands and the gambling that is taking place. While all these factors—high key lighting, flooding shadows, tall, looming men, gambling, and near silence—all lend to the typical noir style, Melville uses odd camera movements to remain distinct. Within the same scene, there is a shot of Bob rolling dice; the camera swoops upward, as though coming from underneath the table, and ends up in a high angle shot, shooting downward at the dice. Now, combine that sweeping movem ent with the next cut, and Melville’s distinction appears. After the dice have been rolled, there is a three-quarter shot of Bob, who claps his hands once and walks off screen left. Suddenly, the camera lurches forward, as if to catch a glimpse of something that li... ...lationship can be seen in Hawks’ 1944 film To Have and Have Not; Humphrey Bogart plays stern and experienced Harry Morgan, a man involved with Lauren Bacall’s character, Slim, a husky-voiced, wise young woman who butts heads with men. While the characters are written in the same essence, the acting in these cases also seems similar; Roger Duchesne and Humphrey Bogart both are older, stoic and serious where Isabel Corey and Lauren Bacall both are beautiful, young, quick-witted and seemingly independent. Melville’s attempt to Americanize himself proved successful—his name he changed in honor of American novelist Herman Melville and he often wore a cowboy hat. Though Bob le flambeur is very much a tribute to Hollywood film noir, Melville manages to make it his own through quirky camera shots, over-the-top narration, and the set of beautifully grimy Paris streets.

Philosophy Final Essay

Question One   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Plato’s work The Apology Socrates is on trial for three distinct things: Firstly, Socrates fell out of favor with the government (who were constantly berated for being ignorant by Socrates in a fashion) and so the sought to eradicate him by accusing him of not paying favors to the gods for whom the citizenry worshipped.   Secondly, Socrates was on trial for impiety.   Lastly, Socrates was on trial and sentenced to death for corruption of the young.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socrates attempted to defend himself in front of the Senate by using his famous Socratic method as revealed in Plato’s pages of The Apology.   He bantered and lead the court officials around in a dialogue fashion, asking questions in order so that they would have to answer them themselves and thus prove Socrates’ point in a question answer dialogue.   The dialectic art of arriving at the was the system Socrates used.   In this regard he would arrive at the answer by questioning the belief of engaged speakers in a philosophic circle, or in this case, in a courtroom hearing. Although this idea of philosophy may come across as non-confrontational,             Socrates used this method to verbally jab at the speaker until they themselves found fault in their philosophy, and through a system of negative or positive responses came to recognize the truth: Thus, Socrates sought to find justice for himself by only asking questions, leaving the answers up to the officials.   This type of philosophy has been likened to a cross examination present in today’s court rooms, where the person under oath is asked a series of questions that are both destructive and humiliating, until they are forced to acknowledge the truth, much like the arguments around Socrates. The aim of such confrontational questioning was always about finding the ultimate truth, but in this court case it seems that Socrates failed because the case eventually lead to his demise. Socrates believed that this truth seeking was the main goal of philosophy, and philosophical discussions, and he believed that everyone involved with the account was in pursuit of this goal as well:   It was this optimism that lead to his downfall in a way. Socrates could be considered a martyr.   It was his stand against the government at the time which lead to the eventual destruction of the Thirty Tyrants, but when democracy came back into place, they then chastised Socrates because of his pull with the younger crowd.   The definition of a martyr is a person who dies for a cause.   Socrates’ cause was for truth and wisdom; that is what he taught the crowd which followed him about the city (and which attracted the disfavor of the democracy who felt Socrates had too much power and sway over the citizenry and feared an uprising) and in the end, those were the causes for which he died. In The Apology Plato writes of a scene where Crito offers Socrates the opportunity to escape from prison, but Socrates forbids it stating that it would go against democracy for which he stood and it would be a deceitful act which is the opposite of truth, for which he based his philosophy.   Thus, Socrates is offered with a form of escape which he denies, thereby choosing death willingly for his beliefs, the true definition of a martyr.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socrates willingly or rather knowingly accepts his fate as governed by the ones whose democracy he upheld and it was through this act that Socrates was able to demonstrate philosophy in action. Question Two As to the existence of god, Descartes deems that this should be accounted for next to discovering what knowledge is. Descartes’ explanation of God and existence required an innate sense of the presence of God. He began by thinking that the cause of any idea is as real as the substance of said idea. Since his idea of a Supreme Being or god infinite, therefore the cause of this idea of infinity must also be never-ending and according to his belief, only the real god is boundless. Thus, the cause for the existence of god cannot be human beings because we are not infinite and we are mortal. There must be a cause of this Supreme Being’s existence which is outside the human race. Based on Meditation III, Descartes expressed â€Å"my idea of god cannot be either adventitious or factitious (since I could neither experience god directly nor discover the concept of perfection in myself), so it must be innately provided by god. Therefore, god exists.† It was Rene Descartes who delivered a â€Å"first systematic account of the mind/body relationship† (Descartes 1). Descartes’ dualism theory states that â€Å"mind is a nonphysical substance† (Descartes 1). Further, he differentiated mind from brain. He attributed consciousness and self-awareness to the mind while intelligence is contained in the brain. Descartes used his Meditations on First Philosophy to make certain what he is in doubt before regarding the existence of the mind and body. Because of this, he was able to take a hint that mind and body are two different things. He advocated that the â€Å"mind† is used for thinking, thus, it is immaterial and can exist even without the body. This immaterial and non-physical content of the mind then he called as the â€Å"soul.† And therefore, the mind is a substance distinct from the body, a substance whose essence is thought (Descartes 12). Based on this perspective, Cartesian dualism became a stronghold of future theories. It champions the idea of the â€Å"immaterial† mind and the â€Å"material† body. Even if these are two different entities, they interact to create actions and events reversibly involving mental and physical activities. Despite many non-European supporters of Cartesian dualism, this gave rise to the â€Å"problem of interactionism† wherein it averts the impossibility of interaction between an immaterial and material entity, the mind and body respectively. To defend these criticisms of Cartesian dualism, Descartes formulated an explanation through the pineal gland theory. This gland is located in the center of the brain between the left and right hemisphere, from which the â€Å"immaterial† mind and the â€Å"material† body purportedly interacts. However, this has remained a theory up to this time since Descartes failed to defend such idea of the causal interaction of the mind and body through the pineal gland. Question Three Kant’s deontology ethics involves the belief of actions being immoral despite the outcome.   Kant did not put faith in the consequences of people’s actions but the actions themselves; thus leaving the effect of a scenario out of the equation of morality.   This ethical stance was part of Kant’s philosophy and he believed that the absolutism of deontology was the correct course of action despite circumstances. For Mill on the other hand, his theory of utilitarianism was in stark contrast to Kant’s theory of deontology.   Utilitarianism speaks toward the action of a person directly results the outcome.   Thus, the truth is always the correct path in Kant’s philosophy while the outcome of a lie being the pathway to truth or justice is the course of Mill’s philosophy. In a situation where Kant and Mill were able to converse, there would be several issues on which they would agree, as well as many on which they would fervently argue. With Mill’s dedication to the understanding of natural sciences/economy, and his studies into the harm theory as it applies to humanity, he would be at odds with the strong religious conviction of Kant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Kant, the existence of God was the principle motivating factor of his studies. His work dealt with the â€Å"constructing an adequate theoretical argument for the existence of God†. (Rossi) His early work was founded on, rather than the proof of God as a being to be worshipped, the idea that God was fundamentally provable through mathematics. Kant will argue that the concept of God properly functions only as a â€Å"regulative† — i.e., limiting —   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   principle in causal accounts of the spatio-temporal order of the world. Kant’s critical philosophy thus undercuts what rationalist metaphysics had offered as proofs for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   existence of God. On the other hand, the critical philosophy does more than simply dismantle the conceptual scaffolding on which previous philosophical accounts of the concept of God had been constructed. (Rossi) To this end, Kant spent his life in study of the pursuit of finding God in science and mathematics that man had developed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Stuart Mill, on the other hand, felt that the harm principle was the ruling factors of world existence. John Stuart Mill’s argues in On Liberty that the use of the harm theory, or harm principle is that a state of government must ensure the quality of liberty just so long as the actions committed in the cause of liberty are not detrimental to the activists.   That is to say that the government may interfere in order to prevent harm.   The following paper will discuss Mill’s harm principle and its application to government in regards to restrictions and controls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mill argues for the doctrine of liberty.   Mill means to define the role of a person in society and as such the limited amount of coercion consistent in society that should affect that individual, â€Å"No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government; and none is completely free in which they do exist absolute and unqualified† (Mill).   Mill is stating that although these qualities are liberty come at a cost in no society would they be considered free because of the forms of government in which the world adheres. Question Four Nietzsche restricts the presence of God in his equation by saying that the concepts of good and evil have changed with the progression of history and that these two paradigms of human behavior and secular code will continue to evolve toward the demands of a changing society. Nietzsche, therefore, makes the argument that morals are constructs of the times in which we will and have evolved much as human beings have over the ages, but that this is not necessarily a good thing because it is meant as a manner of preventing others from having control over us. This is because people inherently wish to exercise power over others and morals are a way of leveling things off so that the strongest members of society do not dominate, as Nietzsche emphasizes, The pathos of nobility and distance, as mentioned, the lasting and domineering feeling, †¦something total and complete, of a higher ruling nature in relation to a lower nature, to an â€Å"beneath†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is the origin of the opposition between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad.† (The right of the master to give names extends so far that we could permit ourselves to grasp the origin of language itself as an expression of the power of the rulers: they say â€Å"that is such and such,† seal every object and event with a sound and, in so doing, take possession of it.) (Nietzsche) In the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche presents his idea about the morality of human beings and why it is flawed: Nietzsche begins by discounting many of society’s assumptions on how they function in life, as he believes that we tend to view things as having inherent meanings But all purposes, all uses, are only signs that a will to power has become master over something †¦with less power and has stamped on it its own meaning of some function, and the entire history of a â€Å"thing,† an organ, a practice can by this process be seen as a continuing chain of signs of constantly new interpretations and adjustments, whose causes need not be connected to each other—they rather follow and take over from each other under merely contingent circumstances. (Nietzsche) Nietzsche uses punishment as an example in this case, as human beings tend to believe that punishment is an action that happens to a person as a result of that person doing something that he or she deserves to be punished, although counter to this Nietzsche also states that suffering is meaningless and therefore, punishment may also with Nietzche’s own philosophy be meaningless. He would argue that punishment is completely separate from this, however, as punishment is very often used as a way of showing off one’s power or in some cases, as an act of cruelty. This suggests that the punishment does not always fit the crime, as the clichà © is written, so those two things should not necessarily be associated with each other. It cannot be understood how these two things are the same thing, so it is necessary to keep them separate. Nietzsche then continues this argument to show how morality has arrived at the point that it is at right now. Nietzsche argues that all of existence, especially in human beings, is a struggle between different wills for the feeling of power. This means that society wishes to have some sort of control over their own lives and also over the lives of others. This is why competition and the nature of this in man is so prevalent in society, Rather, that occurs for the first time with the collapse of aristocratic value judgments, when this entire contrast between â€Å"egoistic† and â€Å"unegoistic† pressed itself ever more strongly into human awareness—it is, to use my own words, the instinct of the herd which, through this contrast, finally gets its word (and its words). And even so, it took a long time until this instinct in the masses became ruler, with the result that moral evaluation got downright hung up and bogged down on this opposition (as is the case, for example, in modern Europe: today the prejudice that takes â€Å"moralistic,† â€Å"unegoistic,† â€Å"dà ©sintà ©ressà ©Ã¢â‚¬  [disinterested] as equally valuable ideas already governs, with the force of a â€Å"fixed idea† and a disease of the brain). (Nietzsche) It is all a competition to achieve this power, even if there is no physical reward for winning these competitions. Nietzsche shows the constant changing of the ideologies of good and bad by stating that in past generations, the concept of good was defined by the strongest people in society. In barbaric times, anything that the stronger members of society did was defined as good, while the weaker members of society were seen as bad. This is not something that we would agree upon today, but members of these past societies would not agree with the way we do things either. Therefore, Nietzsche believes that to give anything an absolute interpretation does not work because as the times change, so will this interpretation. It is wills which define this, so as wills change, so will the apparent truth. If it is truly desirable to have free will, therefore, a person must not believe in any absolutes, but rather view the world as a constantly changing place and let our wills define the things that are occurring around and in society. This includes looking at things from as many different perspectives as possible in order to decide contingently upon personal perspectives which viewpoint a person wishes to make. This can also be applied to morality as, since nothing is absolute, morals are constantly changing as well. Morality is not something that was passed down from God to human beings, but is rather something that has evolved and changed since the beginning of time and will continue to do so. The only thing that has not change in human beings is that they inherently have the desire to achieve more power over their fellow human beings, because of the existence of free wills. This means that the present morality that human beings possess has been born due to hatred for those things that are stronger in the presence of society. Nietzsche argues that a person will have fear of things that could possibly have power over them, so a person must have developed this moral code in order to protect themselves from the stronger members of society. Nietzsche believes that a person must embrace these animalistic instincts because a person is currently hurting themselves by repressing them. Work Cited Cooper, J.M.   Plato Complete Works.   Hackett Publishing Company.   1997. Descartes, Rene. n.d. â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy.† 10 March 2008 Mill, John Stuart.   Utilitarianism.   Online.   10 March 2008:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://ethics.sandiego.edu/utilitarianism.html Nietzsche, F.   Genealogy of Morals.   Online.   10 March 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://books.google.com/books?id=OwGPCsLiBlwC&dq=nietzsche+genealogy+of+mor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ls&pg=PP1&ots=rTBJrGtorH&sig=vLolmBFHWUdXa7z8_CxzfIlj18A&hl=en&prev=h  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tp://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   US:official&hs=ymY&pwst=1&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=Nietz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   che+genealogy+of+morals&spell=1&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail Rossi, Phillip. â€Å"Kant’s Philosophy of religion†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. June  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2004. 10 March 2008. URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-religion/

Reproductive Rights and Issues

Animal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health - 1433 Words

Ferdowsian and Beck go on to add that more evidence supports that animal testing comes at a higher cost to animals than was initially acknowledged. Accounts of anxiety disorders, changes in behavior, hormone levels, and the amount of pain animals endure now drive the conversation regarding reforming animal testing practices. It is also noted that the predictive value of animal models do not translate into clinical success. The majority of animal research does not lead to improving human health. Most argue the use of animals overall is a needless endeavor when new technologies are in place that can provide similar levels of advancement, and when human tissue is available that can offer a better understand of human health. Ferdowsian and Beck, express that a reformation needs to take place in animal testing, and the conversation needs to be driven by ethics of using animals in research. Growing evidence supports that some models or animal use is antiquated and with developing technologies new pathways should be explored to improve human health. Article 4: Duty and the Beast: animal experimentation and neglected interests, D Benatar. (2000) In this article, Benatar brings to the forefront the argument that experimentation on animals should be a great concern because of the suffering and loss of life in spite of the regulations and restrictions that are supposed to guide the practice. Benatar goes as far to claim that animal testing is uncharitable, and does not supportShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1146 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of animals suffer and die unnecessarily each year as they become subjects for medical testing and other horrendous experiments. Although some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. 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The popularity of beauty bloggers, celebrity makeup lines, etc. have actually led to a record-breaking boost in makeup sales. Cosmetic brands have become more prominent, and makeup stores such as Sephora and Ulta continue to thrive. However, various demands must be met in order to keep up with the growing consumership, and one of the most controversial topics contributing to the successRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Cruel And Inhumane1229 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of complications among human beings citing the various changes of conditions from day to day. Scientists are charged with the techniques to finding solutions to the complicated health issues facing humans that have no solution. The risks associated with the pursuit of the solution has made the scientists to be cautious of their actions, an action that led to most of them opting for the use of animals to carry out the tests before implementing the solution fo r human beings. The idea has alwaysRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Medical Field Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal experimentation has notably advanced the medical field since its beginnings nearly two thousand years ago. Modern surgeries, antibiotics, and vaccines have been discovered and put into effect to better the lives of humans worldwide and increase our life expectancy by thirty years. However, animal rights activists argue that tests are not accurate or reliable due to angularities. Morality continues to toy with the minds of the public. Religious organizations, like the Catholic Church, approveRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Testing Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Animal Testing Animal testing is by far, inhumane and downright unacceptable. Although, there are various types of organizations that are pro-animal care, such as, Animal Welfare information center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or, PETA, all in which do their best to keep animal testing as humane as possible, there are alternatives for finding cures or testing the safety of certainRead MoreAnimal Experimentation1612 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. On July 27th official statistics showed that, for the first time, the use of genetically-modified animals has outstripped that of conventional creatures and hardly anyone flinched knowing that† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). Imagine the world without the essential vaccines that are used to promote healthy humans, but th at is the world without animal experimentations

The Position Of A Hr Manager At Both The Uk And Russian...

Introduction: Throughout this assignment I will be placing myself in the position of a HR manager at both the UK and Russian Olympics and I will discuss possible issues that LGBT Olympians may face in such contexts. I will identify key challenges that I may face when introducing and implementing equality and diversity measures if the Olympic Games were to happen again today. I will approach such a task by first outlining the history and definitions associated with LGBT. I will frame this essay by drawing upon social and political changes through the enactment of laws and social movements, as well as empirical research, class-based discussions, and theories of equality and diversity. Brief history of the definition of LGBT: The acronym†¦show more content†¦Currently there are 76 countries where homosexuality is illegal and in 5 it carries the death penalty (Wical, 2014; Stonewall, 2015b). As the UK government and Stonewall (2015b) estimates that there are 3.6 million LGB people in Britain, which is thought to be an underestimate and does not include transgender people, it is not difficult to imagine the hundreds of millions of people living in fear of prejudice, oppression and death worldwide. A brief history of LGBT movements and attitudes, and current social and political movements in both countries: In 1987, the British Social Attitudes Survey found that 75% of the population held homosexual activity to be â€Å"always or mostly wrong†, with just 11% believing it to be never wrong (1987: 4). As of 2012, those figures showed that attitudes had altered to 28% and 47% respectively (2012: 5). As of 2015 Stonewall expanded its current campaigns and programmes to â€Å"include and involve† trans people and also â€Å"developed new work on issues that specifically affect them† (Stonewall, 2015c). LGBT citizens have most of the same legal rights as non-LGBT citizens and the UK provides â€Å"one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its LGBT communities†. This was documented in the ILGA-Europe (2014) review of LGBT rights which gave the UK with the highest score in Europe; they

Qualitative Methods in Business Research Methods

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Methods in Business Research Methods. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the following paper is to outline a proper research methodology for the provided case study. At the same time, the paper would point out the feasibility and probable contribution on the current situation of corporate governance and ethical behaviour of the considered research. Considering the given case study, this says that Mr. Jones is pursuing a research on the ethical cultures of the boards in time of confronting with the issues of customer bribery in any of the Celtic nations like Wales or Scotland or Ireland. It is understandable that the possible research question, the answer of which is anticipated to be achieved through the concerned study is related to Mr. Joness belief that companies with Celtic background holds more ethical responsibilities than those belonging to the English background. Therefore, a proper set of research questions for the concerned research project should be the following key variables, which are Celtic and ethical. With the help of the above designed research questions, the concerned researcher will be able to establish whether the companies of Celtic backgrounds have more ethical concerns than those of English background or not. However, for the considered project purpose, a convenient research design would be experimental and quasi experimental research design. The reason behind selecting the above mentioned style is because of the researchers concept that indicates that business companies from the Celtic background have better ethical perspectives. Therefore, understandably according to the researchers conceptualization, the variable of business ethics is manipulated or determined by the other variable Celtic. In the experimental and quasi experimental research design, a research project attempts to examine the effects of one variable upon one or more variables (Bryman and Bell 2015). Nevertheless, it is required to mention here that among experiment and quasi experiment research design, the quasi experimental research design should be selected as per the reason; the researcher has not chosen the independent variables randomly (Hair 2015). In the quasi experimental style, research projects become selectiv e and particular regarding the research variables (Mackey and Gass 2015). Most significantly, in order to accomplish the research design, the research project would have to procure casual hypothesis as the quasi experiment research design mainly tests the casual research hypothesis (Panneerselvam 2014). The advised research design would be better than the research design approached by Jones due to the reason that with the help of the mentioned design, the research project would successfully identify as well as establish comparison groups, which would have proper validity. On the other hand, the research design would efficiently accompany the motivation of the researcher behind doing the particular research. It has been identified from the given case study that the researcher Mr. Jones has found out that no research on ethical cultures of companies when confronted with bribery issues has been taken place in the Celtic territories like Wales or Scotland. Most significantly, the given case study says that the researcher has acquired valid and significant responses from more than half of the selected companies. It is indicative of the truth that the researcher is getting impressive responses for the project. Therefore, it is understandable that the actual motivation of the author or the researcher regarding the project is the positive result that the person has already acquired from near about 23 respondent organizations. Additionally, it can be also said that the author or researcher of the concerned project is encouraged after knowing the fact that his project would be probably the first evident of a research that identifies ethical behaviours of Celtic business organization in time of confronting issues of bribery. The case study has initially indicated that there are no such clear evidences of experimental researches on the distinct topic in the Celtic nations. Therefore, the motivation is justified. In the context, it is essential to mention that the chosen variables Celtic and ethical decisions do require having valid as well as reliable measures. In order to achieve a valid and reliable measurement, it would be necessary to utilize the ratio level (Saunders and Lewis 2014). With the help of the ratio level, the project would simply make categorization of the collected responses. At the same time, the particular measurement procedure would be helpful in allowing a comparison with a proper extent to which the differentiated subjects hold the dependant variable. Most significantly, with the help of ratio level of measurement, it would be easy to acquire a numerical data regarding the comparison, which would enlighten the present premise of research (Wilson 2014). The procedure for measurement will be reliable as the particular way of measuring the variables, give an appropriate measurement of chosen variable through numeric data, which seldom proves inefficient. On the other han d, a casual yet elaborative categorization would be also achieved. Therefore, following the selected measurement procedure for the variables, the convenient research philosophy and research approach would be positivism and deductive approach respectively (Zikmund et al. 2013). In terms of research method or the process of collecting data, along with the survey or quantitative technique of primary research, the qualitative technique or interview method would be also required in order to get through information. The interview process will be significant to pursue in depth and critical evaluation of the essential and recognized factors related to the particular variables (Blumberg et al. 2014). Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques would be helpful. In this respect it is essential to mention that the accomplishment of the considered research project would be a significant piece of contribution for determining the role of race and cultural aspects on the corporate governance and ethical responsibilities. It is a true fact that no significant research paper is there, which has investigated the ethical responsibilities taken for addressing customer bribery by the Celtic companies with board of directors (Liang et al. 2014). Therefore, the contribution of the considered approach will prove helpful for the customers of the Celtic nations. With the help of the proposed research, the people of two nations will come to know about which business organizations are ethically right for them. At the same time, the project would help the international business organizations who are or will be interested in making business with the business organizations of the Celtic territories (Liang et al. 2014). Moreover, it is required to mention here that for the academic individuals like Mr. Jones, who are interested about the field of corporate governance and business ethics, would find the considered research project very helpful. They could acquire significant data regarding corporate ethical responsibilities of both the business organizations of Celtic region and England. Most significantly, for the author or researcher, the achievement of the research project would not only help internal and domestic business sector or the customers, but also would help him to obtain a cohesive as well as coherent answer regarding his concept. Nevertheless, in terms of recommending improvements, it needs to say that the project should acquire both qualitative and quantitative data from both companies from Celtic and English background. The research would turn out to be completely vague and inacceptable if no data would be collected from organizations of English background. References Blumberg, B.F., Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S., 2014.Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Liang, H., Marquis, C., Renneboog, L. and Sun, S.L., 2014. Speaking of corporate social responsibility. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P., 2014.Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Your Bones In Space Essays - Space Medicine, Skeletal System

Your Bones in Space Hypogravitational Osteoporosis: A review of literature. By Lambert Titus Parker. May 19 1987. (GEnie Spaceport) Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by an absolute decrease in the amount of bone present to a level below which it is capable of maintaining the structural integrity of the skeleton. To state the obvious, Human beings have evolved under Earth's gravity "1G". Our musculoskeleton system have developed to help us navigate in this gravitational field, endowed with ability to adapt as needed under various stress, strains and available energy requirement. The system consists of Bone a highly specialized and dynamic supporting tissue which provides the vertebrates its rigid infrastructure. It consists of specialized connective tissue cells called osteocytes and a matrix consisting of organic fibers held together by an organic cement which gives bone its tenacity, elasticity and its resilience. It also has an inorganic component located in the cement between the fibers consist ing of calcium phosphate [85%]; Calcium carbonate [10%] ; others [5%] which give it the hardness and rigidity. Other than providing the rigid infrastructure, it protects vital organs like the brain], serves as a complex lever system, acts as a storage area for calcium which is vital for human metabolism, houses the bone marrow within its mid cavity and to top it all it is capable of changing its architecture and mass in response to outside and inner stress. It is this dynamic remodeling of bone which is of primary interest in microgravity. To feel the impact of this dynamicity it should be noted that a bone remodeling unit [a coupled phenomena of bone reabsorption and bone formation] is initiated and another finished about every ten seconds in a healthy adult. This dynamic system responds to mechanical stress or lack of it by increasing the bone mass/density or decreasing it as per the demand on the system. -eg; a person dealing with increased mechanical stress will respond with inc reased mass / density of the bone and a person who leads a sedentary life will have decreased mass/density of bone but the right amount to support his structure against the mechanical stresses she/she exists in. Hormones also play a major role as seen in postmenopausal females osteoporosis (lack of estrogens) in which the rate of bone reformation is usually normal with the rate of bone re-absorption increased. In Skeletal system whose mass represent a dynamic homeostasis in 1g weight- bearing,when placed in microgravity for any extended period of time requiring practically no weight bearing, the regulatory system of bone/calcium reacts by decreasing its mass. After all, why carry all that extra mass and use all that energy to maintain what is not needed? Logically the greatest loss -demineralization- occurs in the weight bearing bones of the leg [Os Calcis] and spine. Bone loss has been estimated by calcium-balance studies and excretion studies. An increased urinary excretion of cal cium , hydroxyproline Rapid increase of urinary calcium has been noted after takeoff with a plateau reached by day 30. In contrast, there was a steady increase off mean fecal calcium throughout the stay in microgravity and was not reduced until day 20 of return to 1 G while urinary calcium content usually returned to preflight level by day 10 of return to 1G. There is also significant evidence derived primarily from rodent studies that seem to suggest decreased bone formation as a factor in hypogravitational osteoporosis. Boy Frame,M.D a member of NASA's LifeScience Advisory Committee [LSAC] postulated that "the initial pathologic event after the astronauts enter zero gravity occurs in the bone itself, and that changes in mineral homeostasis and the calcitropic hormones are secondary to this. It appears that zero gravity in some ways stimulate bone re-absorption, possibly through altered bioelectrical fields or altered distribution of tension and pressure on bone cells themselves. It is possible that gravitational and muscular strains on the skeletal system cause friction between bone crystals which creates bioelectrical fields. This bioelectrical effect in some way may stimulate bone cells and affect bone remodeling." In the early missions, X-ray densitometry was used to measure the weight-bearing bones pre &